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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">Rabbi Abraham Abele Gombiner</h1>
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<h2 class="article-header__subtitle">(5395 - 5443; 1635 - 1683)</h2>
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<p align="left">Der Autor des berühmten Werks <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="26347">Mogen Avrohom</span></i> (Schutzschild Abrahams), Rabbi <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33306">Avrohom</span> Abele, der Sohn von Rabbi Chaim Halevi, wurde in der polnischen Stadt Gombin (Gombinnen) geboren, die damals zu Ostpreußen gehörte. Sein Familienname Gornbiner oder Gombinner verweist auf seinen Geburtsort. Er ist auch unter dem Familiennamen Kalisch bekannt, nach der polnischen Stadt Kalisz, wo er den größten Teil seines Erwachsenenlebens als Dajan und Rosch Jeschiwa der Stadt verbrachte.</p>
<p align="left">Abraham Abele war gerade erst Bar Mizwa geworden, als die schreckliche Katastrophe, die in der jüdischen Geschichte als „Gserat Tach weTat“ (die Massaker der Jahre 5408-5409) bekannt ist, die jüdischen Gemeinden in Osteuropa heimsuchte. In diesen Jahren (1648-9) erhoben sich die Kosaken unter der Führung von Bogdan Chmielnicki gegen den polnischen Adel und die Grundbesitzer, die die versklavten Kosakenbauern unterdrückten. Die Kosaken fanden es jedoch einfacher, die wehrlosen Juden zu töten und zu plündern. Sie vernichteten unzählige jüdische Gemeinden durch Schwert und Feuer und ermordeten Tausende von Juden (einige Historiker schätzen die Zahl auf bis zu 300.000) während ihres blutigen Marsches durch die Ukraine, Wolhynien, Podolien, Polen und Litauen. Obwohl der Aufstand der Kosaken durch Friedensverhandlungen vorübergehend beendet wurde, gingen die Angriffe der Kosaken mit unverminderter Grausamkeit über zehn Jahre lang weiter. Im Jahr 1655 (24 Tamus, 5415) fiel die große Stadt Vilna in die Hände der blutrünstigen Kosaken. Sie verwüsteten die Stadt und richteten unter den jüdischen Einwohnern ein Massaker an, wobei sie ihnen die Wahl ließen, zum Christentum überzutreten oder zu sterben. Eine Reihe von Juden gelang es, aus Vilna und den umliegenden Städten und Dörfern zu fliehen. Unter den Juden, die fliehen konnten, war der berühmte Rabbi Schabse <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35096">Kohen</span>, Autor des monumentalen Kommentars zum Schulchan Aruch <i>Joreh-Dea,</i> genannt <i>Sifsej <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/762109/jewish/Raise-Your-Hand-If-Youre-A-Kohen.htm" title="Raise Your Hand If You’re A Kohen">Kohen</a>,</i> im Volksmund auch unter den hebräischen Initialen „<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34589">Schach</span>” bekannt, die auch die Initialen des Autors sind. Er war etwa dreizehn Jahre älter als Rabbi Abraham Abele. Im selben Jahr zerstörten die Kosaken auch die jüdische Gemeinde von Gonibin. Rabbi Abrahams Vater, Rabbi Chaim, war eines der gemarterten Opfer, die <i>al Kiddusch Haschem</i> starben. Rabbi Abraham, damals 20 Jahre alt, gelang die Flucht. Bald darauf wurde Rabbi Abraham zum Rosch Jeschiwa und Dajan in der Stadt Kalisz ernannt, wo der Rosch Av-Bet-Din der <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35818">Gaon</span> Rabbi Yisroel Schapiro war. (Rabbi Yisroel, Autor von <i>Bet <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33802">Israel</span>,</i> einem Kommentar zu <i>Jore Dea,</i> war der Sohn des berühmten Gaon Rabbi <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35639">Noson</span> Schapiro aus Krakau, Autor des berühmten Werks <i>Megaleh Aittkos</i>).</p>
<p align="left">Dass Rabbi Abraham in vergleichsweise jungen Jahren in die oben genannten wichtigen Ämter berufen wurde, zeigt, dass er bereits in diesem Alter als herausragende Autorität in Sachen <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33678">Talmud</span> und <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32709">Halacha</span> anerkannt war. Er war in der Tat mit einem brillanten Verstand gesegnet und ein äußerst fleißiger und gebildeter Student, der Tag und Nacht damit verbrachte, den <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/2537389/jewish/Talmud.htm" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> und das jüdische Gesetz zu studieren. Bald wurde er als einer der größten Geonim seiner Generation anerkannt.</p>
<p align="left">Rabbi Abraham war nicht mit guter <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="29543">Gesundheit</span> gesegnet. Wie sein Sohn im Vorwort zu seinem Werk <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="27133">Mogen Abraham</span></i> schreibt, litt sein Vater häufig unter Schmerzen und Beschwerden. Auch konnte er die schreckliche Tragödie, die seine Familie wie unzählige andere jüdische Familien ereilt hatte, nicht vergessen. Doch er nahm alles mit Demut hin, ohne sich je zu beklagen, und ließ sich nicht von seiner grenzenlosen Hingabe an das Studium der <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35777">Tora</span> und an seine Jeschiwa-Studenten abbringen.</p>
<p align="left">Rabbi Abraham Abele Halevi war noch keine 30 Jahre alt, als er sein gigantisches Werk <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="27132">Magen Abraham</span></i>, einen tiefgründigen und umfassenden Kommentar zum Schulchan Aruch <i>Orach Chajim,</i> vollendete. Doch in seiner großen Bescheidenheit wollte er nicht, dass es zu seinen Lebzeiten veröffentlicht wurde. Sein Sohn Rabbi Chaim veröffentlichte es nach seinem Tod. Es wurde (Dyrehfuth, 1691) zusammen mit einem älteren, berühmten Kommentar zu <i>Orach-Chajim</i>, <i>Magen <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35561">David</span></i> (Schild Davids"), vom berühmten Rabbi David Halevi, Autor von <i>Turej-Sahaw,</i> im Volksmund TaZ genannt, veröffentlicht. Seitdem wurden die beiden Kommentare unter dem Titel <i>Maginej Erez</i> („Schilde der Erde“) viele Male neu aufgelegt, und es wurde die allgemein anerkannte Form, diesen Teil des Schulchan Aruch <i>(Orach Chajim)</i> zu drucken, der sich mit allen Gesetzen, Vorschriften und Bräuchen befasst, die das tägliche Leben der Juden betreffen. In diesen Standardausgaben erscheint der Magen David auf der rechten Seite (da der TaZ zur vorherigen Generation gehörte) und der <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="26745">Magen Avrohom</span> auf der linken Seite, mit dem Text des Mechaber („Autor”, gemeint ist Rabbi <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="29916">Josef Karo</span>, Autor des <i>Schulchan Aruch)</i> in der Mitte, ähnlich wie bei den Standardausgaben des Talmud mit den Kommentaren <i>Raschi</i> und <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32799">Tosafot</span></i>.</p>
<p align="left">Eigentlich hatte Rabbi Abraham Abele einen anderen Titel für sein Werk, nämlich <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36658">Ner</span> Israel</i> („Lampe Israels“). Sein Sohn wollte jedoch den Namen seines Vaters im Titel deutlicher hervorheben und ihn mit dem Kommentar des Taz, <i>Magen David,</i> verbinden, und so veröffentlichte er das Werk seines Vaters unter dem Titel <i>Magen Abraham.</i></p>
<p align="left">Wäre dieses Werk unter einem anderen Namen und allein veröffentlicht worden, wäre es auch als maßgeblich anerkannt und akzeptiert worden. Aber nachdem es mit der Billigung führender Geonim und Rabbiner dieser Generation zusammen mit dem <i>Mogen David</i> des berühmten TaZ veröffentlicht worden war, erlangte es zweifellos sofort und überall die weitestgehende Anerkennung und Akzeptanz unter den Juden. Diese beiden Kommentare überschatteten viele andere Kommentare zu <i>Orach Chajim.</i></p>
<p align="left">Das <i>Magen Abraham</i> wurde mit großer Sorgfalt verfasst und verfolgt die Gesetze und Bräuche bis zu ihren Ursprüngen im Talmud und in den <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34588">Poskim</span> Rischonim (frühe halachische Autoritäten nach dem Talmud). Es klärt oft scheinbare Meinungsverschiedenheiten zwischen verschiedenen Autoritäten und kommt zu einer endgültigen Entscheidung. Die Quellenangaben sind manchmal sehr kurz oder werden nur angedeutet, sodass man über ein beträchtliches Wissen der talmudischen und rabbinischen Literatur verfügen muss, um den <i>Magen Abraham</i> eingehend studieren zu können. Der Autor behandelt jedes Wort des Schulchan Aruch und des ReMA mit größter Ehrfurcht, da diese Autoritäten für ihn und andere spätere Poskim die endgültige und unanfechtbare Regel der <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/4165687/jewish/What-Is-Halakhah-Halachah-Jewish-Law.htm" title="What Is Halakhah (Halachah)? Jewish Law">Halacha</a> darstellen.</p>
<p align="left">Es überrascht nicht, dass auch der <i>Magen Abraham</i> selbst Gegenstand von Kommentaren wurde. Der bekannteste davon ist <i>Machtzis HaSchekel</i> von Rabbi Schmuel Halevi von Köln, der eine große Hilfe beim Verständnis schwieriger Passagen ist. Dieser Kommentar zum <i>Magen Abraham</i> wurde daher unter den Schülern von Rabbi Abraham beliebt und erscheint in der Regel auf derselben Seite wie der <i>Magen Abraham</i> in den Ausgaben <i>Maginej Erez</i>.</p>
<p align="left">Neben dem oben genannten Hauptwerk verfasste Rabbi Avrohom Abele noch weitere Werke, nämlich (2) <i>Sajit Ra-anan,</i> einen kurzen, aber aufschlussreichen Kommentar zu <i>Jalkut Schimoni</i>, das zusammen mit dem Jalkut veröffentlicht wurde. (3) <i>Schemen Sasson,</i> Predigten zu den wöchentlichen Sedras der <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1426382/jewish/Torah.htm" title="What Is the Torah?">Tora</a>, von denen nur einige der ersten erhalten und veröffentlicht wurden (Dessau, 5664). Beide wurden vom Sohn des Autors, Rabbi Chavim Gombinner, und vom Schwiegersohn, Rabbi Mosche Jekusiel Kaufman (der auch ein herausragender Gelehrter der Tora und Rabbiner in Kutna war und Autor von <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="25200">Lechem haPanim</span></i> über Schulchan Aruch <i>Jore Dea</i> (4) ist), veröffentlicht. Ein kurzer Kommentar zur <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32494">Tosefta</span>&lt;/ i&gt; <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35293">Seder</span> Nesikin, herausgegeben von einem Enkel zusammen mit dem zweiten Band von</i> <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/2974301/jewish/The-Showbread-The-How-and-Why-of-the-Temple-Bread-Offering.htm" title="The Showbread: The How and Why of the Temple Bread Offering">Lechem HaPanim</a>. (5) Ein Kommentar zu Schulchan Aruch <i>Even Ha-eser,</i> mit einer Liste hebräischer und jiddischer Namen von Männern und Frauen in der korrekten Schreibweise, was bei einem <i>Get</i> (Scheidungspapier) sehr wichtig ist. (6) Eine Sammlung von Dinim und Halachot, die sich auf die anderen drei Teile des Schulchan Aruch (nämlich <i>Jore Dea, Choschen Mischpat</i> und <i>Even Ha-eser</i>) beziehen und nicht in seinem Hauptwerk <i>Orach Chajim</i> behandelt werden. Diese wurden als Ergänzung zu dem oben genannten Kommentar zur <i>Tosefta (4)</i> zusammen mit einer Reihe von <i>Sche-elot uTeschuwot</i> (halachische Anfragen und Antworten, üblicherweise Responsa genannt) veröffentlicht. (7) Chidduschim („ursprüngliche Erkenntnisse”) zu den Talmud-Traktaten <i>Sewochini</i> und <i>Menochos</i>, die nicht veröffentlicht wurden, da sie sich nicht im Besitz der Familie befanden.</p>
<p align="left">Der „Magen Abraham” (wie Rabbi Abraham im Volksmund genannt wurde) verfasste auch eine Reihe von Pijutim und Kinnot.</p>
<p align="left">Rabbi Avrohom Abele erreichte, wie sein älterer Zeitgenosse, der Shach, kein hohes Alter. Aber in seinem vergleichsweise kurzen Leben – weniger als 50 Jahre – hat er so viel erreicht, dass er einen sehr prominenten Platz unter den Gedolei Yisroel und Poskim <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="31331">achronim</span> einnahm. In seiner großen Bescheidenheit wurde keines seiner Werke zu seinen Lebzeiten veröffentlicht, sodass keine lobenden Worte auf seinem Grabstein eingraviert sind. Die Inschrift auf seinem Grabstein lautet: „Hier ruht Rabbi Abraham Abele Halevi, Autor von Sefer Magen Abraham und Sajit Ra-anan. Möge seine Seele im Band des Lebens geborgen sein.”</p>
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Kehot Publication Society </div>
<div class="black grey f-small medium_top_padding ">Die Kehot Publication Society, der Verlag der Lubawitsch-Bewegung, hat die Lehre der Tora in fast jede jüdische Gemeinde der Welt gebracht und ist der weltweit größte Verlag für jüdische Literatur.</div>
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if (typeof(glossary_items) == 'undefined') glossary_items={};glossary_items['g_25200']={word: 'Lechem Hapanim', text: ['The bread offered on the sacred table in the Sanctuary each week, described in Leviticus 24:5-9.'], article_count: [9], kid: [12185],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/2974301/jewish/The-Showbread-The-How-and-Why-of-the-Temple-Bread-Offering.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Showbread: The How and Why of the Temple Bread Offering',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_26347']={word: 'Mogen Avrohom', text: ['commentary on the Orach Chayim section of the Shulchan Aruch by R. Avraham Abele HaLevi, a prominent 17th-century Polish scholar; the title of this work is also commonly used as a reference to its author'], article_count: [0], kid: [10997],relatedArticleUrl: '',relatedArticleTitle: '',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_26745']={word: 'Magen Avrohom', text: ['commentary on the Orach Chayim section of the Shulchan Aruch by R. 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Jewish Law',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_32799']={word: 'Tosafot', text: ['(lit. “supplements”); classical commentaries on the Talmud, composed by the descendants and disciples of Rashi, which began to appear in the mid-twelfth century and are traditionally printed together with the text of the Talmud'], article_count: [3], kid: [11210],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/6943976/jewish/Rabbeinu-Tam-One-of-Judaisms-Most-Extraordinary-Figures.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Rabbeinu Tam: One of Judaism’s Most Extraordinary Figures',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33306']={word: 'Avrohom', text: ['(a) (1813-1638 BCE) The first of the three <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2174\">Patriarchs</a>; the first Jew. He discovered G-d on his own and rejected the idolatry of his contemporaries. G-d commanded him to travel from his Mesopotamian homeland to Canaan, where He bequeathed the land to his descendants in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9169\">Covenant between the Parts</a>. He successfully withstood ten tests with which G-d challenged him, including the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=4555\">Binding of Isaac</a> incident. Husband of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=221\">Sarah</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=222\">Hagar</a>, father of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=223\">Ishmael</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2202\">Isaac</a>--his heir. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [210], kid: [220],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/112356/jewish/The-Story-of-Abraham.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Abraham',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33678']={word: 'Talmud', text: ['the basic compendium of Jewish law and thought; its tractates mainly comprise the discussions collectively known as the Gemara, which elucidate the germinal statements of law (mishnayot) collectively known as the Mishnah; when unspecified refers to the Talmud Bavli, the edition developed in Babylonia, and edited at the end of the fifth century C.E.; the Talmud Yerushalmi is the edition compiled in the Land of Israel at the end of the fourth century C.E.'], article_count: [1005], kid: [2700],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/2537389/jewish/Talmud.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Talmud',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33802']={word: 'Israel', text: ['Means \"prince of G-d\"; Israel is (a) another name for the patriarch <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1477\">Jacob</a> (b) the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2500\">Jewish people</a> (c) an Israelite - a Jew who is neither a <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9213\">Kohen</a> nor a <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1530\">Levite</a> (d) a common given name (e) the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1569\">Land of Israel</a>.'], article_count: [0], kid: [13343],relatedArticleUrl: '',relatedArticleTitle: '',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34588']={word: 'Poskim', text: ['(lit. “deciders”); (a) the halachic authorities following the Talmudic era; (b) the works of applied Jewish law authored by these authorities.'], article_count: [0], kid: [11117],relatedArticleUrl: '',relatedArticleTitle: '',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34589']={word: 'Schach', text: ['the vegetative covering of a sukkah'], article_count: [6], kid: [11136],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/2720149/jewish/Sukkology-101.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Sukkah Building Basics From the Inside Out',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35096']={word: 'Kohen', text: ['priest, descendant of Aaron, responsible for the service in the Holy Temple'], article_count: [162], kid: [9213],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/762109/jewish/Raise-Your-Hand-If-Youre-A-Kohen.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Raise Your Hand If You’re A Kohen',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35293']={word: 'Seder', text: ['(lit. “order”); the order of service observed at home on the first night (first two nights in the Diaspora) of Passover. Plural: Sedarim.'], article_count: [732], kid: [1380],relatedArticleUrl: '/holidays/passover/pesach_cdo/aid/1980/jewish/Passover-Seder.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Passover Seder',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35561']={word: 'David', text: ['(a) (907-837 BCE) A Bethlehem native, youngest son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9270\">Jesse</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9269\">Nitzevet</a>. A shepherd boy, he rose to fame after slaying the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11968\">Philistine</a> hero <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11978\">Goliath</a>. This earned him the hand of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11969\">King Saul</a>’s daughter <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11979\">Michal</a> in marriage. Anointed by <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1356\">Samuel</a> to succeed Saul after the latter failed to annihilate <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2825\">Amalek</a>. This aroused Saul\'s jealousy, who then pursued him relentlessly. David became king after Saul’s death. During his monarchy, David successfully secured and expanded Israel’s borders, but was beset by a series of revolts and personal tribulations. Compiled the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2172\">Book of Psalms</a>. Succeeded by his son <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9298\">Solomon</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [98], kid: [2417],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/463954/jewish/King-David.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'King David',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35639']={word: 'Noson', text: ['(a) Prophesied during the times of Kings <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2417\">David</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9298\">Solomon</a>, in the 9th century BCE. Famous for his rebuke of David after the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=6763\">Batsheba</a> debacle as well as ensuring that Solomon would be named as David’s successor. Took part in the writing of the Book of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=6763\">Samuel</a>. 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